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HTML Canvas

Posted in HTML Tutorial

Updated on Sep 13, 2024

By Mari Selvan

👁️ 32 - Views

⏳ 4 mins

💬 1 Comment

Photo Credit to CodeToFun

Introduction

The HTML <canvas> element is a powerful tool for drawing graphics via JavaScript. It provides a drawable region on your webpage where you can create 2D shapes, render text, draw images, or even complex animations.

Canvas is widely used for games, visualizations, and interactive web applications.

What Is HTML Canvas?

The <canvas> element is part of HTML5, used to render 2D graphics on the fly via scripting. Unlike static images, you can manipulate the contents of a canvas dynamically using JavaScript. It is widely used in applications that require real-time rendering, like games and data visualizations.

Setting Up the Canvas

To start using a canvas, you simply define it in HTML and access its context in JavaScript to start drawing.

HTML

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<canvas id="myCanvas" width="400" height="300"></canvas>

To begin drawing, get the context of the canvas:

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const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');

Canvas Coordinates

The canvas uses a coordinate system where the top-left corner is (0, 0). You can draw shapes and lines by specifying coordinates based on this grid.

Drawing Shapes

Canvas supports a range of drawing methods for shapes. For example, you can draw rectangles, circles, and lines using built-in methods:

Rectangles:

The fillRect and strokeRect methods draw filled and outlined rectangles.
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```
ctx.fillStyle = '#FF0000';
ctx.fillRect(50, 50, 150, 100);
```

Circles:

Use the arc method to draw circles or arcs.

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ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(150, 150, 50, 0, Math.PI * 2, true);
ctx.fillStyle = 'blue';
ctx.fill();

Working with Colors and Styles

You can style your drawings using fillStyle for filling colors and strokeStyle for border colors.

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ctx.fillStyle = 'green';
ctx.fillRect(100, 100, 200, 100);

ctx.strokeStyle = 'black';
ctx.lineWidth = 5;
ctx.strokeRect(100, 100, 200, 100);

Drawing Images

You can also draw images onto a canvas using the drawImage method.

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const img = new Image();
img.src = 'image.png';
img.onload = function() {
  ctx.drawImage(img, 50, 50, 200, 150);
};

Text on Canvas

Text can be drawn using the fillText and strokeText methods, allowing for both filled and outlined text.

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ctx.font = '30px Arial';
ctx.fillText('Hello, Canvas!', 50, 50);

Canvas Transformations

You can apply transformations like scaling, rotating, and translating (moving) the canvas context.

Scaling:

Change the size of objects drawn on the canvas.
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```
ctx.scale(2, 2);
ctx.fillRect(50, 50, 100, 50);
```

Rotating:

Rotate objects around the origin of the canvas.

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ctx.rotate((Math.PI / 180) * 45); // Rotate 45 degrees
ctx.fillRect(100, 100, 100, 50);

Translating:

Move the canvas origin to a new point.
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```
ctx.translate(100, 100);
ctx.fillRect(0, 0, 100, 50);
```

Best Practices

Layering: Since Canvas is a stateful API, keep track of your transformations and reset the canvas when necessary to avoid unwanted effects.
Performance: Redraw only the parts of the canvas that need updating to optimize performance.
State Management: Use save() and restore() to save and reset the canvas state between complex drawings.

Example

Here’s a complete example that demonstrates drawing shapes, text, and an image on the canvas:

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <title>Canvas Example</title>
</head>
<body>
  <canvas id="myCanvas" width="500" height="400"></canvas>
  
  <script>
    const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
    const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');

    // Draw a rectangle
    ctx.fillStyle = 'lightblue';
    ctx.fillRect(50, 50, 200, 100);

    // Draw text
    ctx.font = '20px Arial';
    ctx.fillStyle = 'black';
    ctx.fillText('Hello Canvas', 100, 180);

    // Draw an image
    const img = new Image();
    img.src = 'https://www.example.com/image.png';
    img.onload = function() {
      ctx.drawImage(img, 50, 200, 150, 100);
    };
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Conclusion

The HTML Canvas is a versatile and powerful tool for rendering dynamic graphics in web applications. With its wide range of methods for drawing shapes, text, and images, it enables developers to create rich, interactive experiences on the web. Mastering the Canvas API can significantly enhance your web development projects.