HTML Code

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <title>closest not div</title>
</head>
<body>
  <article>
    <div id="div-01">
      <div id="div-02">
        <div id="div-03">div-03</div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </article>
  <pre id="out"></pre>
  <script>
    var el = document.getElementById("div-03");
    var match = el.closest(":not(div)");
    document.getElementById("out").textContent = match ? match.tagName : "null";
  </script>
</body>
</html>

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Element.closest — :not(div) (Try It)