Volume integral (∰) is the mathematical operator at Unicode U+2230. HTML5 provides ∰. Use it for integrals over a volume. Do not confuse it with triple integral ∭ (∭) or surface integral ∯ (∯).
Remember
Character ∰
Unicode U+2230
Named entity ∰
Hex entity ∰
Decimal ∰
CSS escape \2230
Not the same ∭ · ∯ · ∮ · ∫
Named, hex, decimal, CSS, and a typed character all produce the same glyph: ∰. Prefer ∰ in mathematical HTML. For related operators see triple integral, surface integral, and contour integral.
Using Named Entity: ∰
Using Hex Code: ∰
Using HTML Code: ∰
Using CSS Entity: ∰
Expression: ∰V f dV
How It Works
1. Named:∰ is the clearest HTML form and renders ∰. Note the capital C — ∯ and ∮ are different operators.
2. Hex:U+2230 → ∰ in HTML. Same result as the named entity.
3. Decimal: same code point as 8752 → ∰. Same result as hex and named.
4. CSS: use \2230 in content (not an HTML entity). #point::after appends that ∰ after the paragraph text.
Pitfalls & Tips
Common mistakes when working with volume integral.
Prefer
Use ∰
The named form is clearer than numeric references and is defined in HTML5.
Case
Capital C matters
∰ is ∰. ∯ is ∯ (surface). ∮ / ∮ is ∮ (contour).
∭
Not the same as triple integral
U+222D (∭, ∭) is three integral signs. Volume integral is the circled form U+2230. See triple integral.
Fonts
Need math-capable fonts
Some fonts omit U+2230. Prefer fonts with Mathematical Operators coverage for reliable glyphs.
CSS vs HTML
Do not mix escapes
\2230 belongs in CSS. ∰ / ∰ / ∰ belong in HTML.
Semicolon
End references
Always finish with ; — write ∰, not &Cconint.
Compatibility
Browser Support
Volume integral (U+2230) and its entity forms (∰, ∰, ∰, CSS \\2230) are supported in all mainstream browsers with a Unicode-capable math font.
✓ Universal support
Volume Integral (∰)
Encode with named, hex, decimal, or CSS escape — or type ∰ directly in UTF-8 HTML.
100%Browser coverage
Google ChromeSupported
Yes
Microsoft EdgeSupported
Yes
Mozilla FirefoxSupported
Yes
Apple SafariSupported
Yes
OperaSupported
Yes
Internet ExplorerIE 9+
Yes*
U+2230 / ∰Full support
Bottom line: Prefer ∰ in mathematical HTML. Use \\2230 only inside CSS content.
Remember
Key Takeaways
Unicode: volume integral is U+2230 (decimal 8752).
HTML: prefer ∰.
CSS: use \2230 inside content for generated text.
Lookalikes: not ∭ (∭), not ∯ (∯), not ∮ (∮).
One line:U+2230 → prefer ∰ (also ∰ / CSS \2230).
Frequently Asked Questions
Use ∰ (named), ∰ (hex), ∰ (decimal), or the CSS escape \2230 in the content property. All render ∰. Prefer ∰ in mathematical HTML.
U+2230 (VOLUME INTEGRAL). Hex 2230, decimal 8752. It belongs to the Mathematical Operators block.
Yes. HTML5 defines ∰ for ∰. The capital C matters — related names like ∯ and ∮ are different symbols.
Use it in math, physics, and engineering markup for volume integrals over a three-dimensional region — for example ∰_V f dV.
HTML entities (∰, ∰, or ∰) go in markup. The CSS escape \2230 is used in stylesheets (usually in the content property of ::before/::after). Both render ∰.
No. Volume integral is ∰ (∰, U+2230). Triple integral is ∭ (∭, U+222D). Surface integral is ∯ (∯, U+222F).
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Did you know?
Volume integral is Unicode U+2230 (decimal 8752) — VOLUME INTEGRAL in Mathematical Operators. HTML5 provides ∰ (capital C). It is not the same as triple integral ∭ (∭), surface integral ∯ (∯), or contour integral ∮ (∮).
