HTML Entity for Surface Integral (∯)

Beginner
5 min read
Updated: Sep 2026
1 example
Unicode U+222F
HTML Entity for surface integral (U+222F) tutorial illustration
Definition

What Is Surface Integral?

Surface integral (∯) is the Unicode character at U+222F in Mathematical Operators. Official name: SURFACE INTEGRAL. It denotes an integral over a surface in calculus, vector analysis, and physics. HTML5 provides the named entities ∯ and ∯.

Remember
Character     ∯
Unicode       U+222F
Named entity  ∯  (also ∯)
Hex entity    ∯
Decimal       ∯
CSS escape    \222F
Not the same  ∮ (∮)

All of these produce the same glyph: ∯. Prefer ∯ for readable HTML — note the capital C.

Reference

Quick Reference

One table for every form you will actually use.

FormCodeWhere it goes
Named entity∯HTML markup (preferred)
Named alias∯HTML markup (same glyph)
Hex entity∯HTML markup
Decimal entity∯HTML markup
Direct character∯HTML text (UTF-8 default)
CSS escape\222FStylesheet content

When to Use Which

SituationUse
Integral over a surface∯ or ∯
Contour / closed-curve integral∮ / ∮
Volume integral∰ / ∰
Ordinary integral∫ / ∫
UTF-8 math textType or paste ∯
Generated text via ::before / ::aftercontent: "\222F"
See it

Live Preview

Surface integral rendered next to related marks.

Example ∯ F·dS
Large glyph ∯
Compared ∯   ∮   ∰   ∫
With entities Named: ∯ | Hex: ∯ | Decimal: ∯
Code

Complete HTML Example

One page that shows Surface Integral with named, hex, decimal, direct, and CSS forms. Use View Output or open the live editor.

Named + Hex + Decimal + Direct + CSS

Five ways to produce ∯, plus a short flux-style example.

html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <title>Surface Integral (∯) in HTML</title>
  <style>
    #point::after {
      content: "\222F";
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <p>Using Named Entity: &Conint;</p>
  <p>Using Hex Code: &#x222F;</p>
  <p>Using HTML Code: &#8751;</p>
  <p id="point">Using CSS Entity: </p>
  <p>Typed directly: ∯</p>
  <p>Example: &Conint; F&middot;dS</p>
</body>
</html>
Try It Yourself

How It Works

1. Named: &Conint; (or &DoubleContourIntegral;) is the clearest HTML form for U+222F.

2. Hex: U+222F → &#x222F; in HTML. Same glyph as the named form.

3. Decimal: same code point as 8751 → &#8751;. Same result as hex.

4. CSS: use \222F in content (not an HTML entity). #point::after appends that ∯ after the paragraph text.

5. Typed / example: paste ∯ in UTF-8, or write &Conint; F&middot;dS for a short flux-style example.

Pitfalls & Tips

Common mistakes when working with Surface Integral.

Case

&Conint; ≠ &conint;

Capital &Conint; is surface integral (U+222F). Lowercase &conint; is contour integral (U+222E).

∫

Not a plain integral

&int; is U+222B. Prefer &Conint; when the surface-integral glyph is required.

∰

Not volume integral

&Cconint; is volume integral (U+2230). Surface integral is U+222F.

Fonts

Math font coverage

Some UI fonts omit Mathematical Operators. Prefer a math-capable font for display.

CSS vs HTML

Do not mix escapes

\222F belongs in CSS. &Conint; / &#x222F; / &#8751; belong in HTML.

Semicolon

End entity references

Always finish with ; — write &Conint;, not &Conint.

Compatibility

Browser Support

Surface integral (U+222F) and its entity forms (&Conint;, &#x222F;, &#8751;, CSS \\222F) are supported in all mainstream browsers. Glyph availability depends on the font.

✓ Universal support

Surface Integral (&#x222F;)

Prefer &Conint;, or encode with hex, decimal, or CSS escape — same glyph everywhere.

100% Browser coverage
Google Chrome Supported
Yes
Microsoft Edge Supported
Yes
Mozilla Firefox Supported
Yes
Apple Safari Supported
Yes
Opera Supported
Yes
Internet Explorer All versions
Yes
U+222F / entities Full support

Bottom line: Prefer &Conint; (or &DoubleContourIntegral;) in HTML. Use &#x222F; / &#8751; when a numeric form is required, and \\222F only inside CSS content.

Remember

Key Takeaways

  • Unicode: this mark is U+222F (decimal 8751) — glyph ∯.
  • HTML: prefer &Conint; (alias &DoubleContourIntegral;), or &#x222F; / &#8751;.
  • CSS: use \222F inside content for generated text.
  • Meaning: ∯ = surface integral — not ∮, not ∫, not ∰.

One line: U+222F → &Conint; / &#x222F; / &#8751; / CSS \222F.

Frequently Asked Questions

Use &Conint; or &DoubleContourIntegral; (named), &#x222F; (hex), &#8751; (decimal), type ∯ directly in UTF-8, or the CSS escape \222F in content.
U+222F (SURFACE INTEGRAL). Hex 222F, decimal 8751. It belongs to Mathematical Operators (U+2200–U+22FF).
Yes. HTML5 defines &Conint; and the alias &DoubleContourIntegral;. Do not confuse them with &conint; (contour integral, U+222E).
Use it in calculus, vector analysis, and physics for integrals over a surface. Prefer &int; for a plain integral, &conint; / &oint; for a contour integral, and &Cconint; for a volume integral.
HTML entities (&Conint;, &#8751;, or &#x222F;) go in markup. The CSS escape \222F goes in stylesheet strings (usually content on ::before/::after).
No. ∯ is surface integral (U+222F). ∮ is contour integral (U+222E). ∫ is the ordinary integral (U+222B).

Did you know?

Surface integral (∯) is Unicode U+222F (decimal 8751) — SURFACE INTEGRAL in Mathematical Operators. HTML5 provides &Conint; (also &DoubleContourIntegral;). Note the capital C: lowercase &conint; is contour integral (U+222E). Related marks include volume integral (U+2230, &Cconint;) and the ordinary integral (U+222B, &int;).

Next: Swung Dash

Learn the HTML entity for swung dash (⁓).

Continue tutorial →

About the author

Mari Selvan M P
Mari Selvan M P 🔗

Developer, cloud engineer, and technical writer

  • Experience 12 years building web and cloud systems
  • Focus Full Stack Development, AWS, and Developer Education

I write practical tutorials so students and working developers can learn by doing—from databases and APIs to deployment on AWS.

AWS Certified Developer – Associate (Credly)

8 people found this page helpful

HTML Entity | Superset With Not Equal To HTML Entity | Swung Dash