HTML Entity for Surface Integral (∯)
What You'll Learn
How to display the Surface Integral symbol (∯) in HTML using hexadecimal, decimal, named entity, and CSS escape methods. This character is U+222F (SURFACE INTEGRAL) in the Mathematical Operators block (U+2200–U+22FF)—used for integrals over a surface in calculus, vector analysis, and physics.
Render it with ∯, ∯, the named entity ∯, or CSS escape \222F. Do not confuse ∯ (surface integral) with ∬ (double integral, ∬) or ∮ (contour integral, ∮).
⚡ Quick Reference — Surface Integral
U+222FMathematical Operators
∯Hexadecimal reference
∯Decimal reference
∯Most readable option
Name Value
──────────── ──────────
Unicode U+222F
Hex code ∯
HTML code ∯
Named entity ∯
CSS code \222F
Block Mathematical Operators (U+2200–U+22FF)
Related U+222C = Double integral (∬)Complete HTML Example
This example demonstrates the Surface Integral symbol (∯) using the named entity, hexadecimal code, decimal HTML code, and a CSS content escape:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
#point:after{
content: "\222F";
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Using Named Entity: ∯</p>
<p>Using Hexadecimal: ∯</p>
<p>Using HTML Code: ∯</p>
<p id="point">Using CSS Entity: </p>
</body>
</html>🌐 Browser Support
The Surface Integral entity is universally supported in all modern browsers:
👀 Live Preview
See the Surface Integral symbol (∯) rendered in different contexts:
🧠 How It Works
Named Entity
∯ is the semantic named entity for U+222F — the easiest to read in source HTML. Note the capital C (distinct from ∮ for contour integral).
Hexadecimal Code
∯ uses the Unicode hexadecimal value 222F to display the symbol. The x prefix indicates hexadecimal format.
Decimal HTML Code
∯ uses the decimal Unicode value 8751 to display the same character. This is one of the most commonly used methods.
CSS Entity
\222F is used in CSS stylesheets, particularly in the content property of pseudo-elements like ::before and ::after.
Same visual result
All four methods produce the glyph: ∯. Unicode U+222F in the Mathematical Operators block (U+2200–U+22FF).
Use Cases
The Surface Integral symbol (∯) commonly appears in:
Surface integrals in multivariable calculus.
Flux integrals and vector field notation.
Electromagnetism, fluid dynamics, and field equations.
Textbooks, lectures, and mathematical proofs.
Research papers and technical documentation.
Online courses and e-learning platforms.
Calculator and computational tool interfaces.
💡 Best Practices
Do
- Prefer
∯for readable source markup - Pick one style (named / hex / decimal) per project
- Add
aria-labelfor standalone symbols in math content - Test the glyph across browsers and math fonts
- Pair ∯ with subscripts for the integration surface (e.g. ∯S)
Don’t
- Confuse ∯ (surface) with ∬ (double) or ∮ (contour)
- Use
∮when you mean surface integral — that is U+222E - Put CSS escape
\222Finside HTML text nodes - Use HTML entities in JS (use
\u222Finstead) - Assume all fonts render ∯ clearly at small sizes
Key Takeaways
Three HTML references all render ∯
∯ ∯ ∯For CSS stylesheets, use the escape in the content property
\222FUnicode U+222F — SURFACE INTEGRAL
∯ (capital C) — not ∮ (contour)
Part of the integral family: ∫ ∬ ∮ ∯
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
∯ (named), ∯ (hex), ∯ (decimal), or \222F in CSS content. All produce ∯.U+222F (SURFACE INTEGRAL). Mathematical Operators block (U+2200–U+22FF). Hex 222F, decimal 8751.∯ is more readable and semantic. Numeric codes (∯ or ∯) work in all contexts. CSS escape \222F is for stylesheets. All render ∯.∯ (capital C). It maps to U+222F. Do not confuse with ∮, which is the contour integral (U+222E, ∮).Explore More HTML Entities!
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