HTML Math Entities

Beginner

8 min read

Updated: Sep 2026

1 example

Mathematical Operators

HTML math entities reference: operators, integrals, and logic symbols

Definition

What Are HTML Math Entities?

HTML math entities are character references for mathematical symbols — arithmetic operators, relations, quantifiers, set symbols, integrals, sums, roots, infinity, and related glyphs.

Remember

Named (common)  &sum; &int; &infin; &times; &divide; &le; &ge; &ne;
Logic / sets    &forall; &exist; &isin; &cap; &cup;
CSS escape      \2211 · \222B · \221E · \221A
Prefer UTF-8    type the glyph when the whole toolchain is Unicode-safe

Prefer named forms when HTML defines them; use hex or decimal from the table when there is no short name. For digits and fractions, see HTML Number Entities.

Reference

Quick Reference

Search by symbol, Unicode, hex, decimal, or entity name.

Symbol	Unicode	Hex code	HTML code	HTML entity
+	U+002B	+	+	+
−	U+2212	−	−	−
×	U+00D7	×	×	×
÷	U+00F7	÷	÷	÷
=	U+003D	=	=	=
≠	U+2260	≠	≠	≠
±	U+00B1	±	±	±
¬	U+00AC	¬	¬	¬
<	U+003C	<	<	<
>	U+003E	>	>	>
⋜	U+22DC	⋜	⋜	-
⋝	U+22DD	⋝	⋝	-
ƒ	U+0192	ƒ	ƒ	&fnof;
%	U+0025	%	%	&percnt;
‰	U+2030	‰	‰	&permil;
‱	U+2031	‱	‱	&pertenk;
∀	U+2200	∀	∀	∀
∁	U+2201	∁	∁	&comp;
∂	U+2202	∂	∂	∂
∃	U+2203	∃	∃	∃
∄	U+2204	∄	∄	&nexist;
∅	U+2205	∅	∅	∅
∆	U+2206	∆	∆	-
∇	U+2207	∇	∇	∇
∈	U+2208	∈	∈	∈
∉	U+2209	∉	∉	∉
∊	U+220A	∊	∊	-
∋	U+220B	∋	∋	&ni;
∌	U+220C	∌	∌	&notni;
∍	U+220D	∍	∍	-
∎	U+220E	∎	∎	-
∏	U+220F	∏	∏	∏
∐	U+2210	∐	∐	&coprod;
∑	U+2211	∑	∑	∑
∓	U+2213	∓	∓	&mnplus;
∔	U+2214	∔	∔	&plusdo;
∕	U+2215	∕	∕	-
∖	U+2216	∖	∖	&setminus;
∗	U+2217	∗	∗	&lowast;
∘	U+2218	∘	∘	&compfn;
∙	U+2219	∙	∙	-
√	U+221A	√	√	√
∛	U+221B	∛	∛	-
∜	U+221C	∜	∜	-
∝	U+221D	∝	∝	&prop;
∞	U+221E	∞	∞	∞
∟	U+221F	∟	∟	&angrt;
∠	U+2220	∠	∠	&ang;
∡	U+2221	∡	∡	&angmsd;
∢	U+2222	∢	∢	&angsph;
∣	U+2223	∣	∣	&mid;
∤	U+2224	∤	∤	&nmid;
∥	U+2225	∥	∥	&parallel;
∦	U+2226	∦	∦	&npar;
∧	U+2227	∧	∧	&and;
∨	U+2228	∨	∨	&or;
∩	U+2229	∩	∩	∩
∪	U+222A	∪	∪	∪
∫	U+222B	∫	∫	∫
∬	U+222C	∬	∬	&Int;
∭	U+222D	∭	∭	&iiint;
∮	U+222E	∮	∮	&conint;
∯	U+222F	∯	∯	&Conint;
∰	U+2230	∰	∰	&Cconint;
∱	U+2231	∱	∱	&cwint;
∲	U+2232	∲	∲	&cwconint;
∳	U+2233	∳	∳	&awconint;
∴	U+2234	∴	∴	&there4;
∵	U+2235	∵	∵	&because;
∶	U+2236	∶	∶	&ratio;
∷	U+2237	∷	∷	&Colon;
∸	U+2238	∸	∸	&minusd;
∹	U+2239	∹	∹	-
∺	U+223A	∺	∺	&mDDot;
∻	U+223B	∻	∻	&homtht;
∼	U+223C	∼	∼	&sim;
∽	U+223D	∽	∽	&bsim;
∾	U+223E	∾	∾	&ac;
∿	U+223F	∿	∿	&acd;
≀	U+2240	≀	≀	&wreath;
≁	U+2241	≁	≁	&nsim;
≂	U+2242	≂	≂	&esim;
≃	U+2243	≃	≃	&sime;
≄	U+2244	≄	≄	&nsime;
≅	U+2245	≅	≅	&cong;
≆	U+2246	≆	≆	&simne;
≇	U+2247	≇	≇	&ncong;
≈	U+2248	≈	≈	≈
≉	U+2249	≉	≉	&nap;
≊	U+224A	≊	≊	&approxeq;
≋	U+224B	≋	≋	&apid;
≌	U+224C	≌	≌	&bcong;
≍	U+224D	≍	≍	&asympeq;
≎	U+224E	≎	≎	&bump;
≏	U+224F	≏	≏	&bumpe;
≐	U+2250	≐	≐	&esdot;
≑	U+2251	≑	≑	&eDot;
≒	U+2252	≒	≒	&efDot;
≓	U+2253	≓	≓	&erDot;
≔	U+2254	≔	≔	&colone;
≕	U+2255	≕	≕	&ecolon;
≖	U+2256	≖	≖	&ecir;
≗	U+2257	≗	≗	&cire;
≘	U+2258	≘	≘	-
≙	U+2259	≙	≙	&wedgeq;
≚	U+225A	≚	≚	&veeeq;
≛	U+225B	≛	≛	-
≜	U+225C	≜	≜	&trie;
≝	U+225D	≝	≝	-
≞	U+225E	≞	≞	-
≟	U+225F	≟	≟	&equest;
≡	U+2261	≡	≡	&equiv;
≢	U+2262	≢	≢	&nequiv;
≣	U+2263	≣	≣	-
≤	U+2264	≤	≤	≤
≥	U+2265	≥	≥	≥
≦	U+2266	≦	≦	&lE;
≧	U+2267	≧	≧	-
≨	U+2268	≨	≨	&lnE;
≩	U+2269	≩	≩	&gnE;
≪	U+226A	≪	≪	&Lt;
≫	U+226B	≫	≫	&Gt;
≬	U+226C	≬	≬	&between;
≭	U+226D	≭	≭	&NotCupCap;
≮	U+226E	≮	≮	&nlt;
≯	U+226F	≯	≯	&ngt;
≰	U+2270	≰	≰	&nle;
≱	U+2271	≱	≱	&nge;
≲	U+2272	≲	≲	&lsim;
≳	U+2273	≳	≳	&gsim;
≴	U+2274	≴	≴	&nlsim;
≵	U+2275	≵	≵	&ngsim;
≶	U+2276	≶	≶	&lg;
≷	U+2277	≷	≷	&gl;
≸	U+2278	≸	≸	&ntlg;
≹	U+2279	≹	≹	&ntgl;
≺	U+227A	≺	≺	&pr;
≻	U+227B	≻	≻	&sc;
≼	U+227C	≼	≼	&prcue;
≽	U+227D	≽	≽	&sccue;
≾	U+227E	≾	≾	&prsim;
≿	U+227F	≿	≿	&scsim;
⊁	U+2281	⊁	⊁	&nsc;
⊂	U+2282	⊂	⊂	⊂
⊃	U+2283	⊃	⊃	⊃
⊄	U+2284	⊄	⊄	&nsub;
⊅	U+2285	⊅	⊅	&nsup;
⊆	U+2286	⊆	⊆	&sube;
⊇	U+2287	⊇	⊇	&supe;
⊈	U+2288	⊈	⊈	&nsube;
⊉	U+2289	⊉	⊉	&nsupe;
⊊	U+228A	⊊	⊊	&subne;
⊋	U+228B	⊋	⊋	&supne;
⊌	U+228C	⊌	⊌	-
⊍	U+228D	⊍	⊍	&cupdot;
⊎	U+228E	⊎	⊎	&uplus;
⊏	U+228F	⊏	⊏	&sqsub;
⊐	U+2290	⊐	⊐	&sqsup;
⊑	U+2291	⊑	⊑	&sqsube;
⊒	U+2292	⊒	⊒	&sqsupe;
⊓	U+2293	⊓	⊓	&sqcap;
⊔	U+2294	⊔	⊔	&sqcup;
⊕	U+2295	⊕	⊕	&oplus;
⊖	U+2296	⊖	⊖	&ominus;
⊗	U+2297	⊗	⊗	&otimes;
⊘	U+2298	⊘	⊘	&osol;
⊙	U+2299	⊙	⊙	&odot;
⊚	U+229A	⊚	⊚	&ocir;
⊛	U+229B	⊛	⊛	&oast;
⊜	U+229C	⊜	⊜	-
⊝	U+229D	⊝	⊝	&odash;
⊞	U+229E	⊞	⊞	&plusb;
⊟	U+229F	⊟	⊟	&minusb;
⊠	U+22A0	⊠	⊠	&timesb;
⊡	U+22A1	⊡	⊡	&sdotb;
⊢	U+22A2	⊢	⊢	&vdash;
⊣	U+22A3	⊣	⊣	&dashv;
⊤	U+22A4	⊤	⊤	&top;
⊥	U+22A5	⊥	⊥	&perp;
⊦	U+22A6	⊦	⊦	-
⊧	U+22A7	⊧	⊧	&models;
⊨	U+22A8	⊨	⊨	&vDash;
⊩	U+22A9	⊩	⊩	&Vdash;
⊪	U+22AA	⊪	⊪	&Vvdash;
⊫	U+22AB	⊫	⊫	&VDash;
⊬	U+22AC	⊬	⊬	&nvdash;
⊭	U+22AD	⊭	⊭	&nvDash;
⊮	U+22AE	⊮	⊮	&nVdash;
⊯	U+22AF	⊯	⊯	&nVDash;
⊰	U+22B0	⊰	⊰	-
⊱	U+22B1	⊱	⊱	-
⊲	U+22B2	⊲	⊲	&vltri;
⊳	U+22B3	⊳	⊳	&vrtri;
⊴	U+22B4	⊴	⊴	&ltrie;
⊵	U+22B5	⊵	⊵	&rtrie;
⊶	U+22B6	⊶	⊶	&origof;
⊷	U+22B7	⊷	⊷	&imof;
⊸	U+22B8	⊸	⊸	&mumap;
⊹	U+22B9	⊹	⊹	&hercon;
⊺	U+22BA	⊺	⊺	&intcal;
⊻	U+22BB	⊻	⊻	&veebar;
⊼	U+22BC	⊼	⊼	-
⊽	U+22BD	⊽	⊽	&barvee;
⊾	U+22BE	⊾	⊾	&angrtvb;
⊿	U+22BF	⊿	⊿	&lrtri;
⋀	U+22C0	⋀	⋀	&xwedge;
⋁	U+22C1	⋁	⋁	&xvee;
⋂	U+22C2	⋂	⋂	&xcap;
⋃	U+22C3	⋃	⋃	&xcup;
⋄	U+22C4	⋄	⋄	&diamond;
⋅	U+22C5	⋅	⋅	⋅
⋆	U+22C6	⋆	⋆	&Star;
⋇	U+22C7	⋇	⋇	&divonx;
⋈	U+22C8	⋈	⋈	&bowtie;
⋉	U+22C9	⋉	⋉	&ltimes;
⋊	U+22CA	⋊	⋊	&rtimes;
⋋	U+22CB	⋋	⋋	&lthree;
⋌	U+22CC	⋌	⋌	&rthree;
⋍	U+22CD	⋍	⋍	&bsime;
⋎	U+22CE	⋎	⋎	&cuvee;
⋏	U+22CF	⋏	⋏	&cuwed;
⋐	U+22D0	⋐	⋐	&Sub;
⋑	U+22D1	⋑	⋑	&Sup;
⋒	U+22D2	⋒	⋒	&Cap;
⋓	U+22D3	⋓	⋓	&Cup;
⋔	U+22D4	⋔	⋔	&fork;
⋕	U+22D5	⋕	⋕	&epar;
⋖	U+22D6	⋖	⋖	&ltdot;
⋗	U+22D7	⋗	⋗	&gtdot;
⋘	U+22D8	⋘	⋘	&Ll;
⋙	U+22D9	⋙	⋙	&Gg;
⋚	U+22DA	⋚	⋚	&leg;
⋛	U+22DB	⋛	⋛	&gel;
⋞	U+22DE	⋞	⋞	&cuepr;
⋟	U+22DF	⋟	⋟	&cuesc;
⋠	U+22E0	⋠	⋠	&nprcue;
⋡	U+22E1	⋡	⋡	&nsccue;
⋢	U+22E2	⋢	⋢	&nsqsube;
⋣	U+22E3	⋣	⋣	&nsqsupe;
⋤	U+22E4	⋤	⋤	-
⋥	U+22E5	⋥	⋥	-
⋦	U+22E6	⋦	⋦	&lnsim;
⋧	U+22E7	⋧	⋧	&gnsim;
⋨	U+22E8	⋨	⋨	&prnsim;
⋩	U+22E9	⋩	⋩	&scnsim;
⋪	U+22EA	⋪	⋪	&nltri;
⋫	U+22EB	⋫	⋫	&nrtri;
⋬	U+22EC	⋬	⋬	&nltrie;
⋭	U+22ED	⋭	⋭	&nrtrie;
⋮	U+22EE	⋮	⋮	&vellip;
⋯	U+22EF	⋯	⋯	&ctdot;
⋰	U+22F0	⋰	⋰	&utdot;
⋱	U+22F1	⋱	⋱	&dtdot;
⋲	U+22F2	⋲	⋲	&disin;
⋳	U+22F3	⋳	⋳	&isinsv;
⋴	U+22F4	⋴	⋴	&isins;
⋵	U+22F5	⋵	⋵	&isindot;
⋶	U+22F6	⋶	⋶	&notinvc;
⋷	U+22F7	⋷	⋷	&notinvb;
⋸	U+22F8	⋸	⋸	-
⋹	U+22F9	⋹	⋹	&isinE;
⋺	U+22FA	⋺	⋺	&nisd;
⋻	U+22FB	⋻	⋻	&xnis;
⋼	U+22FC	⋼	⋼	&nis;
⋽	U+22FD	⋽	⋽	&notnivc;
⋾	U+22FE	⋾	⋾	&notnivb;
⋿	U+22FF	⋿	⋿	-
ⁱ	U+2071	ⁱ	ⁱ	-
°	U+00B0	°	°	°
⁺	U+207A	⁺	⁺	-
⁻	U+207B	⁻	⁻	-
⁼	U+207C	⁼	⁼	-
⁽	U+207D	⁽	⁽	-
⁾	U+207E	⁾	⁾	-
ⁿ	U+207F	ⁿ	ⁿ	-
₊	U+208A	₊	₊	-
₋	U+208B	₋	₋	-
₌	U+208C	₌	₌	-
₍	U+208D	₍	₍	-
₎	U+208E	₎	₎	-

When to Use Which

Situation	Use
Sum, integral, infinity, times, divide	`∑`, `∫`, `∞`, `×`, `÷`
Comparisons and not-equal	`≤`, `≥`, `≠`, `≈`
Logic and set membership	`∀`, `∃`, `∈`, `∩`, `∪`
Rare operators (no short name)	Hex / decimal from the table above
Complex equations	MathML or KaTeX / MathJax — not entities alone
Generated text via `::before` / `::after`	`content: "\221A"` (example: square root)

See it

Live Preview

Common math glyphs from character references.

Operators ∑ ∫ ∞ × ÷ ≠

Relations ≤ ≥ ≈ ±

Large type ∑ ∫ √

Logic / sets ∀ ∃ ∈ ∩ ∪

Monospace x ≤ 10 · n ≠ 0

Code

Complete HTML Example

One page that shows named math entities, a hex integral, and a CSS square-root escape. Use View Output or open the live editor.

Named + Hex + CSS

Common operators, a numeric integral, and a stylesheet-injected radical.

html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <title>HTML Math Entities</title>
  <style>
    #point::after {
      content: "\221A";
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <p>&sum; &int; &infin; &times; &divide; &ne;</p>
  <p>Partial: &part; | Hex integral: &#x222B;</p>
  <p id="point">Sqrt via CSS: </p>
</body>
</html>

Try It Yourself

How It Works

1. Named: ∑, ∫, ∞, ×, ÷, ≠, and ∂ are HTML named references for common math glyphs.

2. Hex: ∫ is the same integral as ∫ — useful when documenting the code point explicitly.

3. CSS: \221A in content injects the square root (U+221A). Escapes belong in stylesheets, not as HTML entities.

4. Same glyph: named, hex, decimal, CSS, and typed UTF-8 all resolve to the same Unicode character when the code point matches.

Pitfalls & Tips

Common mistakes when working with math entities.

Named

Prefer names when available

∑ and ∫ are clearer than numeric forms. Use the table for symbols without a short HTML5 name.

Layout

Entities ≠ full math layout

Do not build fractions, matrices, or stretchy fences from bare entities alone — use MathML or a math renderer.

Font

Glyph support varies

Rare operators need fonts that cover Mathematical Operators. Test on target devices.

A11y

Pair symbols with text

Unfamiliar glyphs may not speak clearly — add visible labels or aria-label when meaning matters.

CSS vs HTML

Do not mix escapes

\221A belongs in CSS. √ / √ belong in HTML.

Semicolon

End references

Always finish with ; — write ∑ and ∑, not bare forms.

Compatibility

Browser Support

Named and numeric math character references work in all mainstream browsers with UTF-8 documents. Visible glyphs depend on font coverage for less common operators.

✓ Universal support

HTML Math Entities

Encode with named, hex, decimal, CSS escape, or type the character — same code point everywhere encoding is supported.

100% Browser coverage

Google Chrome Supported

Yes

Microsoft Edge Supported

Yes

Mozilla Firefox Supported

Yes

Apple Safari Supported

Yes

Opera Supported

Yes

Internet Explorer All versions

Yes

Math entities Full support

Bottom line: Prefer named entities when listed. Use numeric forms from the table for rare operators. Use CSS escapes only inside content.

Remember

Key Takeaways

Named: ∑, ∫, ∞, ×, ≤, ∀.
Numeric: use hex / decimal from the Quick Reference when there is no short name.
CSS: use escapes such as \221A inside content for generated text.
Watch out: entities ≠ full equation layout — use MathML / KaTeX when needed.

One line: named when available → numeric from the table → CSS escape only in content.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I display mathematical symbols in HTML?

Use named references such as ∑, ∫, and ∞, or numeric forms like ∑ / ∑. The Quick Reference table lists every option on this page.

What are common HTML math entities?

×, ÷, ±, ≤, ≥, ≠, ∀, ∃, ∈, ∑, and ∫ cover many needs. Where the table shows a dash, use hex or decimal only.

When should I use HTML entities versus MathML or LaTeX?

Entities work well for short inline notation. For fractions, matrices, stretchy fences, and semantics, use MathML or a renderer such as KaTeX or MathJax.

What is the difference between HTML code and CSS for math symbols?

HTML entities go in markup. CSS uses backslash hex in content on ::before/::after (for example \221A for square root). Pick HTML for body text and CSS when the design injects the glyph.

Why do some math symbols render as boxes?

The browser needs a font that covers Mathematical Operators. Prefer Unicode-capable system stacks or a dedicated math font, and test on target devices.

Can I type math symbols directly in UTF-8 HTML?

Yes, when your editor, server, and headers all agree on UTF-8. Entities help when you want ASCII-safe source or explicit documentation of the code point.

Did you know?

Many math operators have short HTML5 names — ∑, ∫, ∞, ×, ≤, ∀. Rare operators use numeric references from the table. Entities supply the glyph; for complex layout use MathML or a math renderer.

Next: Number Entities

Continue to HTML number entities — digits, fractions, and related forms.

Number Entities tutorial →

About the author

Mari Selvan M P 🔗

Developer, cloud engineer, and technical writer

Experience 12 years building web and cloud systems
Focus Full Stack Development, AWS, and Developer Education

I write practical tutorials so students and working developers can learn by doing—from databases and APIs to deployment on AWS.

AWS Certified Developer – Associate (Credly)

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HTML Math Entities

What Are HTML Math Entities?

Quick Reference

When to Use Which

Live Preview

Complete HTML Example

Named + Hex + CSS

How It Works

Pitfalls & Tips

Prefer names when available

Entities ≠ full math layout

Glyph support varies

Pair symbols with text

Do not mix escapes

End references

Browser Support

HTML Math Entities

Key Takeaways

Frequently Asked Questions

Did you know?

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Number Entities

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Next: Number Entities

About the author