HTML Math Entities

Beginner
⏱️ 14 min read
📚 Updated: May 2026
🎯 1 Code Example
Mathematical Operators (Unicode)
HTML math entities reference: operators, integrals, and logic symbols

What You'll Learn

HTML math entities are character references for mathematical symbols: arithmetic operators, relations and approximations, quantifiers (∀, ∃), set operations (∩, ∪, ∈), integrals and sums (∫, ∑), roots, infinity, and hundreds of other glyphs from the Mathematical Operators block and neighbors. Use named entities when defined, or hex ∑ / decimal ∑ from the table.

The Quick Reference is searchable. For digits, vulgar fractions, superscripts, and Roman numerals, see HTML number entities; for quotes, dashes, and ellipsis, see HTML punctuation entities; for XOR and related single-glyph tutorials, see XOR; for non-math dingbats and icons, see HTML symbol entities; for money marks, see HTML currency entities; browse the full HTML entities index for every character page.

⚡ Quick Reference — HTML Math Entities

Filter by symbol, Unicode (e.g. U+2211), hex, decimal, or entity name.

SymbolUnicodeHex codeHTML codeHTML entity
+U+002B+++
−U+2212−−−
×U+00D7×××
÷U+00F7÷÷÷
=U+003D===
≠U+2260≠≠≠
±U+00B1±±±
¬U+00AC¬¬¬
<U+003C&#x3c;&#60;&lt;
>U+003E&#x3e;&#62;&gt;
⋜U+22DC&#x22DC;&#8924;-
⋝U+22DD&#x22DD;&#8925;-
ƒU+0192&#x192;&#402;&fnof;
%U+0025&#x25;&#37;&percnt;
‰U+2030&#x2030;&#8240;&permil;
‱U+2031&#x2031;&#8241;&pertenk;
∀U+2200&#x2200;&#8704;&forall;
∁U+2201&#x2201;&#8705;&comp;
∂U+2202&#x2202;&#8706;&part;
∃U+2203&#x2203;&#8707;&exist;
∄U+2204&#x2204;&#8708;&nexist;
∅U+2205&#x2205;&#8709;&empty;
∆U+2206&#x2206;&#8710;-
∇U+2207&#x2207;&#8711;&nabla;
∈U+2208&#x2208;&#8712;&isin;
∉U+2209&#x2209;&#8713;&notin;
∊U+220A&#x220A;&#8714;-
∋U+220B&#x220B;&#8715;&ni;
∌U+220C&#x220C;&#8716;&notni;
∍U+220D&#x220D;&#8717;-
∎U+220E&#x220E;&#8718;-
∏U+220F&#x220F;&#8719;&prod;
∐U+2210&#x2210;&#8720;&coprod;
∑U+2211&#x2211;&#8721;&sum;
∓U+2213&#x2213;&#8723;&mnplus;
∔U+2214&#x2214;&#8724;&plusdo;
∕U+2215&#x2215;&#8725;-
∖U+2216&#x2216;&#8726;&setminus;
∗U+2217&#x2217;&#8727;&lowast;
∘U+2218&#x2218;&#8728;&compfn;
∙U+2219&#x2219;&#8729;-
√U+221A&#x221A;&#8730;&radic;
∛U+221B&#x221B;&#8731;-
∜U+221C&#x221C;&#8732;-
∝U+221D&#x221D;&#8733;&prop;
∞U+221E&#x221E;&#8734;&infin;
∟U+221F&#x221F;&#8735;&angrt;
∠U+2220&#x2220;&#8736;&ang;
∡U+2221&#x2221;&#8737;&angmsd;
∢U+2222&#x2222;&#8738;&angsph;
∣U+2223&#x2223;&#8739;&mid;
∤U+2224&#x2224;&#8740;&nmid;
∥U+2225&#x2225;&#8741;&parallel;
∦U+2226&#x2226;&#8742;&npar;
∧U+2227&#x2227;&#8743;&and;
∨U+2228&#x2228;&#8744;&or;
∩U+2229&#x2229;&#8745;&cap;
∪U+222A&#x222A;&#8746;&cup;
∫U+222B&#x222B;&#8747;&int;
∬U+222C&#x222C;&#8748;&Int;
∭U+222D&#x222D;&#8749;&iiint;
∮U+222E&#x222E;&#8750;&conint;
∯U+222F&#x222F;&#8751;&Conint;
∰U+2230&#x2230;&#8752;&Cconint;
∱U+2231&#x2231;&#8753;&cwint;
∲U+2232&#x2232;&#8754;&cwconint;
∳U+2233&#x2233;&#8755;&awconint;
∴U+2234&#x2234;&#8756;&there4;
∵U+2235&#x2235;&#8757;&because;
∶U+2236&#x2236;&#8758;&ratio;
∷U+2237&#x2237;&#8759;&Colon;
∸U+2238&#x2238;&#8760;&minusd;
∹U+2239&#x2239;&#8761;-
∺U+223A&#x223A;&#8762;&mDDot;
∻U+223B&#x223B;&#8763;&homtht;
∼U+223C&#x223C;&#8764;&sim;
∽U+223D&#x223D;&#8765;&bsim;
∾U+223E&#x223E;&#8766;&ac;
∿U+223F&#x223F;&#8767;&acd;
≀U+2240&#x2240;&#8768;&wreath;
≁U+2241&#x2241;&#8769;&nsim;
≂U+2242&#x2242;&#8770;&esim;
≃U+2243&#x2243;&#8771;&sime;
≄U+2244&#x2244;&#8772;&nsime;
≅U+2245&#x2245;&#8773;&cong;
≆U+2246&#x2246;&#8774;&simne;
≇U+2247&#x2247;&#8775;&ncong;
≈U+2248&#x2248;&#8776;&asymp;
≉U+2249&#x2249;&#8777;&nap;
≊U+224A&#x224A;&#8778;&approxeq;
≋U+224B&#x224B;&#8779;&apid;
≌U+224C&#x224C;&#8780;&bcong;
≍U+224D&#x224D;&#8781;&asympeq;
≎U+224E&#x224E;&#8782;&bump;
≏U+224F&#x224F;&#8783;&bumpe;
≐U+2250&#x2250;&#8784;&esdot;
≑U+2251&#x2251;&#8785;&eDot;
≒U+2252&#x2252;&#8786;&efDot;
≓U+2253&#x2253;&#8787;&erDot;
≔U+2254&#x2254;&#8788;&colone;
≕U+2255&#x2255;&#8789;&ecolon;
≖U+2256&#x2256;&#8790;&ecir;
≗U+2257&#x2257;&#8791;&cire;
≘U+2258&#x2258;&#8792;-
≙U+2259&#x2259;&#8793;&wedgeq;
≚U+225A&#x225A;&#8794;&veeeq;
≛U+225B&#x225B;&#8795;-
≜U+225C&#x225C;&#8796;&trie;
≝U+225D&#x225D;&#8797;-
≞U+225E&#x225E;&#8798;-
≟U+225F&#x225F;&#8799;&equest;
≡U+2261&#x2261;&#8801;&equiv;
≢U+2262&#x2262;&#8802;&nequiv;
≣U+2263&#x2263;&#8803;-
≤U+2264&#x2264;&#8804;&le;
≥U+2265&#x2265;&#8805;&ge;
≦U+2266&#x2266;&#8806;&lE;
≧U+2267&#x2267;&#8807;-
≨U+2268&#x2268;&#8808;&lnE;
≩U+2269&#x2269;&#8809;&gnE;
≪U+226A&#x226A;&#8810;&Lt;
≫U+226B&#x226B;&#8811;&Gt;
≬U+226C&#x226C;&#8812;&between;
≭U+226D&#x226D;&#8813;&NotCupCap;
≮U+226E&#x226E;&#8814;&nlt;
≯U+226F&#x226F;&#8815;&ngt;
≰U+2270&#x2270;&#8816;&nle;
≱U+2271&#x2271;&#8817;&nge;
≲U+2272&#x2272;&#8818;&lsim;
≳U+2273&#x2273;&#8819;&gsim;
≴U+2274&#x2274;&#8820;&nlsim;
≵U+2275&#x2275;&#8821;&ngsim;
≶U+2276&#x2276;&#8822;&lg;
≷U+2277&#x2277;&#8823;&gl;
≸U+2278&#x2278;&#8824;&ntlg;
≹U+2279&#x2279;&#8825;&ntgl;
≺U+227A&#x227A;&#8826;&pr;
≻U+227B&#x227B;&#8827;&sc;
≼U+227C&#x227C;&#8828;&prcue;
≽U+227D&#x227D;&#8829;&sccue;
≾U+227E&#x227E;&#8830;&prsim;
≿U+227F&#x227F;&#8831;&scsim;
⊁U+2281&#x2281;&#8833;&nsc;
⊂U+2282&#x2282;&#8834;&sub;
⊃U+2283&#x2283;&#8835;&sup;
⊄U+2284&#x2284;&#8836;&nsub;
⊅U+2285&#x2285;&#8837;&nsup;
⊆U+2286&#x2286;&#8838;&sube;
⊇U+2287&#x2287;&#8839;&supe;
⊈U+2288&#x2288;&#8840;&nsube;
⊉U+2289&#x2289;&#8841;&nsupe;
⊊U+228A&#x228A;&#8842;&subne;
⊋U+228B&#x228B;&#8843;&supne;
⊌U+228C&#x228C;&#8844;-
⊍U+228D&#x228D;&#8845;&cupdot;
⊎U+228E&#x228E;&#8846;&uplus;
⊏U+228F&#x228F;&#8847;&sqsub;
⊐U+2290&#x2290;&#8848;&sqsup;
⊑U+2291&#x2291;&#8849;&sqsube;
⊒U+2292&#x2292;&#8850;&sqsupe;
⊓U+2293&#x2293;&#8851;&sqcap;
⊔U+2294&#x2294;&#8852;&sqcup;
⊕U+2295&#x2295;&#8853;&oplus;
⊖U+2296&#x2296;&#8854;&ominus;
⊗U+2297&#x2297;&#8855;&otimes;
⊘U+2298&#x2298;&#8856;&osol;
⊙U+2299&#x2299;&#8857;&odot;
⊚U+229A&#x229A;&#8858;&ocir;
⊛U+229B&#x229B;&#8859;&oast;
⊜U+229C&#x229C;&#8860;-
⊝U+229D&#x229D;&#8861;&odash;
⊞U+229E&#x229E;&#8862;&plusb;
⊟U+229F&#x229F;&#8863;&minusb;
⊠U+22A0&#x22A0;&#8864;&timesb;
⊡U+22A1&#x22A1;&#8865;&sdotb;
⊢U+22A2&#x22A2;&#8866;&vdash;
⊣U+22A3&#x22A3;&#8867;&dashv;
⊤U+22A4&#x22A4;&#8868;&top;
⊥U+22A5&#x22A5;&#8869;&perp;
⊦U+22A6&#x22A6;&#8870;-
⊧U+22A7&#x22A7;&#8871;&models;
⊨U+22A8&#x22A8;&#8872;&vDash;
⊩U+22A9&#x22A9;&#8873;&Vdash;
⊪U+22AA&#x22AA;&#8874;&Vvdash;
⊫U+22AB&#x22AB;&#8875;&VDash;
⊬U+22AC&#x22AC;&#8876;&nvdash;
⊭U+22AD&#x22AD;&#8877;&nvDash;
⊮U+22AE&#x22AE;&#8878;&nVdash;
⊯U+22AF&#x22AF;&#8879;&nVDash;
⊰U+22B0&#x22B0;&#8880;-
⊱U+22B1&#x22B1;&#8881;-
⊲U+22B2&#x22B2;&#8882;&vltri;
⊳U+22B3&#x22B3;&#8883;&vrtri;
⊴U+22B4&#x22B4;&#8884;&ltrie;
⊵U+22B5&#x22B5;&#8885;&rtrie;
⊶U+22B6&#x22B6;&#8886;&origof;
⊷U+22B7&#x22B7;&#8887;&imof;
⊸U+22B8&#x22B8;&#8888;&mumap;
⊹U+22B9&#x22B9;&#8889;&hercon;
⊺U+22BA&#x22BA;&#8890;&intcal;
⊻U+22BB&#x22BB;&#8891;&veebar;
⊼U+22BC&#x22BC;&#8892;-
⊽U+22BD&#x22BD;&#8893;&barvee;
⊾U+22BE&#x22BE;&#8894;&angrtvb;
⊿U+22BF&#x22BF;&#8895;&lrtri;
⋀U+22C0&#x22C0;&#8896;&xwedge;
⋁U+22C1&#x22C1;&#8897;&xvee;
⋂U+22C2&#x22C2;&#8898;&xcap;
⋃U+22C3&#x22C3;&#8899;&xcup;
⋄U+22C4&#x22C4;&#8900;&diamond;
⋅U+22C5&#x22C5;&#8901;&sdot;
⋆U+22C6&#x22C6;&#8902;&Star;
⋇U+22C7&#x22C7;&#8903;&divonx;
⋈U+22C8&#x22C8;&#8904;&bowtie;
⋉U+22C9&#x22C9;&#8905;&ltimes;
⋊U+22CA&#x22CA;&#8906;&rtimes;
⋋U+22CB&#x22CB;&#8907;&lthree;
⋌U+22CC&#x22CC;&#8908;&rthree;
⋍U+22CD&#x22CD;&#8909;&bsime;
⋎U+22CE&#x22CE;&#8910;&cuvee;
⋏U+22CF&#x22CF;&#8911;&cuwed;
⋐U+22D0&#x22D0;&#8912;&Sub;
⋑U+22D1&#x22D1;&#8913;&Sup;
⋒U+22D2&#x22D2;&#8914;&Cap;
⋓U+22D3&#x22D3;&#8915;&Cup;
⋔U+22D4&#x22D4;&#8916;&fork;
⋕U+22D5&#x22D5;&#8917;&epar;
⋖U+22D6&#x22D6;&#8918;&ltdot;
⋗U+22D7&#x22D7;&#8919;&gtdot;
⋘U+22D8&#x22D8;&#8920;&Ll;
⋙U+22D9&#x22D9;&#8921;&Gg;
⋚U+22DA&#x22DA;&#8922;&leg;
⋛U+22DB&#x22DB;&#8923;&gel;
⋞U+22DE&#x22DE;&#8926;&cuepr;
⋟U+22DF&#x22DF;&#8927;&cuesc;
⋠U+22E0&#x22E0;&#8928;&nprcue;
⋡U+22E1&#x22E1;&#8929;&nsccue;
⋢U+22E2&#x22E2;&#8930;&nsqsube;
⋣U+22E3&#x22E3;&#8931;&nsqsupe;
⋤U+22E4&#x22E4;&#8932;-
⋥U+22E5&#x22E5;&#8933;-
⋦U+22E6&#x22E6;&#8934;&lnsim;
⋧U+22E7&#x22E7;&#8935;&gnsim;
⋨U+22E8&#x22E8;&#8936;&prnsim;
⋩U+22E9&#x22E9;&#8937;&scnsim;
⋪U+22EA&#x22EA;&#8938;&nltri;
⋫U+22EB&#x22EB;&#8939;&nrtri;
⋬U+22EC&#x22EC;&#8940;&nltrie;
⋭U+22ED&#x22ED;&#8941;&nrtrie;
⋮U+22EE&#x22EE;&#8942;&vellip;
⋯U+22EF&#x22EF;&#8943;&ctdot;
⋰U+22F0&#x22F0;&#8944;&utdot;
⋱U+22F1&#x22F1;&#8945;&dtdot;
⋲U+22F2&#x22F2;&#8946;&disin;
⋳U+22F3&#x22F3;&#8947;&isinsv;
⋴U+22F4&#x22F4;&#8948;&isins;
⋵U+22F5&#x22F5;&#8949;&isindot;
⋶U+22F6&#x22F6;&#8950;&notinvc;
⋷U+22F7&#x22F7;&#8951;&notinvb;
⋸U+22F8&#x22F8;&#8952;-
⋹U+22F9&#x22F9;&#8953;&isinE;
⋺U+22FA&#x22FA;&#8954;&nisd;
⋻U+22FB&#x22FB;&#8955;&xnis;
⋼U+22FC&#x22FC;&#8956;&nis;
⋽U+22FD&#x22FD;&#8957;&notnivc;
⋾U+22FE&#x22FE;&#8958;&notnivb;
⋿U+22FF&#x22FF;&#8959;-
ⁱU+2071&#x2071;&#8305;-
°U+00B0&#xb0;&#176;&deg;
⁺U+207A&#x207A;&#8314;-
⁻U+207B&#x207B;&#8315;-
⁼U+207C&#x207C;&#8316;-
⁽U+207D&#x207D;&#8317;-
⁾U+207E&#x207E;&#8318;-
ⁿU+207F&#x207F;&#8319;-
₊U+208A&#x208A;&#8330;-
₋U+208B&#x208B;&#8331;-
₌U+208C&#x208C;&#8332;-
₍U+208D&#x208D;&#8333;-
₎U+208E&#x208E;&#8334;-
1

Complete HTML Example

Named entities for common operators, an integral via hex, and a square root injected with CSS content:

html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <style>
  .sqrt-css::after {
   content: "\221A";
  }
 </style>
</head>
<body>

<p>&sum; &int; &infin; &times; &divide; &ne;</p>
<p>Partial: &part; &nbsp; Hex integral: &#x222B;</p>
<p>Sqrt via CSS: <span class="sqrt-css"></span></p>

</body>
</html>
Try It Yourself

🌐 Browser Support

Named and numeric character references for these mathematical code points work in all modern browsers with UTF-8 documents and a font that covers the Mathematical Operators block:

Chrome 1+
Firefox 1+
Safari 1+
Edge 12+
Opera 4+
Android 4.4+
iOS Safari 1+

👀 Live Preview

Mathematical glyphs from character references:

Calculus ∑ ∫ ∂ ∞ √
Logic and sets ∀x ∃y   ∈ ∪ ∩ ⊂ ⊃
Relations ≤ ≥ ≠ ≈ ≡
Large operators ∏ ∐ ⋃
Monospace a < b ≤ c · π ≈ 3.14

🧠 How It Works

1

Named entities

When HTML defines a name (for example &sum;, &infin;, &int;), browsers decode it to the mathematical glyph in text.

HTML markup
2

Hexadecimal and decimal

Every operator has one Unicode scalar value. Use &#x222B; or &#8747; for the integral, and the table for rare symbols without short names.

HTML markup
3

CSS content

Pseudo-elements can inject symbols with escapes such as \221A (square root) inside content when the design keeps markup minimal.

CSS stylesheet
=

Same visual result

Valid references for one code point look identical; for layout-heavy math, still consider MathML or a dedicated math renderer.

✅

Use Cases

HTML math entities are commonly used for:

📚 STEM articles

Inline equations, inequalities, and set notation in blogs and course pages without a full math stack.

📈 Data and specs

Technical write-ups that need arrows, relations, and logic symbols next to prose.

💻 Developer docs

API references and RFC-style documents that show operators and special characters in monospace blocks.

🎓 Quizzes and worksheets

Printable HTML handouts with fractions, plus-minus, and simple algebra symbols.

🧮 UI affordances

Checkmarks, approximate equals, and other compact glyphs in forms and status lines.

♿ Accessibility

Pair unfamiliar symbols with visible text or aria-label so meaning is not conveyed by the glyph alone.

💡 Best Practices

Do

  • Use UTF-8 and <meta charset="utf-8">
  • Prefer named entities when the table lists them
  • Choose fonts with Mathematical Operators coverage
  • For complex formulas, prefer MathML or KaTeX/MathJax
  • Copy hex or decimal from the table when there is no short name

Don’t

  • Build full typeset mathematics from hundreds of bare entity characters alone
  • Assume every OS font draws rare operators identically
  • Mix HTML entities with unescaped < in legacy templates
  • Rely on symbol shape alone for safety-critical instructions
  • Forget to test print styles and high-contrast themes for thin operators

Key Takeaways

1

Many operators have readable named entities in HTML5

&sum; &int; &infin;
2

Rare operators use numeric references from the table

&#x22DC; &#x22DD;
3

CSS can inject the same code points via content escapes

\221A
4

Good fonts matter; entities do not change missing-glyph behavior

5

Browse the full entity index for arrows, currency, and more

❓ Frequently Asked Questions

Use named references such as &sum;, &int;, and &infin;, or numeric &#x2211; / &#8721;. The Quick Reference table lists every option on this page.
&times;, &divide;, &plusmn;, &le;, &ge;, &ne;, &forall;, &exist;, &isin;, and many more. Where the table shows a dash, use hex or decimal only.
Entities work well for short inline notation. For fractions, matrices, stretchy fences, and semantics, use MathML or a renderer such as KaTeX or MathJax.
HTML references live in the document tree. CSS uses backslash hex in content on pseudo-elements. Same code point, different syntax layer.
Pick fonts that include the Mathematical Operators block (system math stacks or dedicated math fonts) and verify on your target platforms.

Explore More HTML Entities!

Discover 1500+ HTML character references — math operators, arrows, emojis, and more.

All HTML Entities →

About the author

Mari Selvan M P
Mari Selvan M P 🔗

Developer, cloud engineer, and technical writer

  • Experience 12 years building web and cloud systems
  • Focus Full Stack Development, AWS, and Developer Education

I write practical tutorials so students and working developers can learn by doing—from databases and APIs to deployment on AWS.

AWS Certified Developer – Associate (Credly)

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