HTML Entity for Integral (∫)
What You'll Learn
How to display the Integral symbol (∫) in HTML using hexadecimal, decimal, named entity, and CSS escape methods. Use it for integration in calculus—antiderivatives, definite integrals, and area under a curve.
This character is U+222B (INTEGRAL) in the Mathematical Operators block (U+2200–U+22FF). Render it with ∫, ∫, ∫, or CSS \222B.
⚡ Quick Reference — Integral
U+222BMathematical Operators
∫Hexadecimal reference
∫Decimal reference
∫Most readable option
Name Value
──────────── ──────────
Unicode U+222B
Hex code ∫
HTML code ∫
Named entity ∫
CSS code \222B
Meaning Integration / integral sign
CSS note \222B or \0222B in content propertyComplete HTML Example
This example demonstrates the Integral symbol (∫) using hexadecimal code, decimal HTML code, the named entity, and a CSS content escape:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
#point:after{
content: "\222B";
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Integral using Hexadecimal: ∫</p>
<p>Integral using Decimal: ∫</p>
<p>Integral using Named Entity: ∫</p>
<p id="point">Integral using CSS Entity: </p>
</body>
</html>🌐 Browser Support
The Integral symbol (∫) is universally supported in all modern browsers:
👀 Live Preview
See the Integral symbol (∫) rendered in typical calculus contexts:
🧠 How It Works
Hexadecimal Code
∫ uses the Unicode hexadecimal value 222B to display the Integral symbol. The x prefix indicates hexadecimal format.
Decimal HTML Code
∫ uses the decimal Unicode value 8747 to display the same character.
CSS Entity
\222B is used in CSS stylesheets, particularly in the content property of pseudo-elements like ::before and ::after.
Named Entity
∫ is the standard named HTML entity for the integral sign—easy to read and remember in source markup.
Same visual result
All four methods produce ∫. Unicode U+222B is in Mathematical Operators. Next: Intercalate.
Use Cases
The Integral symbol (∫) is commonly used in:
Definite and indefinite integrals, antiderivatives, and area-under-curve notation.
Work, flux, probability densities, and continuous-system equations.
Calculus, analysis, and applied math with correct integral notation.
Courses, problem sets, and interactive calculus tutorials.
Formulas, derivations, and technical specs that use integration.
Papers in mathematics, physics, statistics, and engineering.
💡 Best Practices
Do
- Use
∫for readable source markup - Pick one style (hex / decimal / named) per project
- Use MathML or ARIA for complex integrals with limits
- Test the glyph across browsers and math-friendly fonts
- Provide context (integrand, limits) alongside the symbol
Don’t
- Mix entity styles randomly in one file
- Use CSS
\222Binside HTML text nodes - Confuse ∫ (integral) with ∬ (double integral) or ∑ (sum)
- Rely on plain HTML alone for heavy subscript/superscript layout
- Assume every font renders limits and integrals with perfect spacing
Key Takeaways
Three HTML references all render ∫
∫ ∫ ∫For CSS stylesheets, use \222B in the content property
Unicode U+222B — INTEGRAL (Mathematical Operators)
Prefer ∫ for readability in HTML source
Previous: Information Source Next: Intercalate
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
∫ (hex), ∫ (decimal), ∫ (named), or \222B in CSS content. All produce ∫.U+222B (INTEGRAL). Mathematical Operators block (U+2200–U+22FF). Hex 222B, decimal 8747. Used for definite and indefinite integrals in calculus.∫, ∫, or ∫) go in markup. The CSS escape \222B is used in stylesheets, typically on ::before or ::after. Both render ∫.∫ is the named HTML entity for ∫ (integral). It is part of the HTML5 entity set and is well supported in modern browsers.Explore More HTML Entities!
Discover 1500+ HTML character references — math operators, symbols, and more.
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