HTML Entity for Double Struck Italic Small E (ⅇ)

Beginner
⏱️ 5 min read
📚 Updated: Jun 2026
🎯 1 Code Example
Unicode U+2147
HTML entity for Double Struck Italic Small E (U+2147) tutorial illustration

What You'll Learn

How to display the Double Struck Italic Small E (ⅇ) in HTML using hexadecimal, decimal, the named entity ⅇ, and CSS escape methods. This character is U+2147 (DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL E) in the Letterlike Symbols block (U+2100–U+214F)—often used for Euler’s number (e) in mathematics and exponential notation.

Render it with ⅇ, ⅇ, ⅇ, or CSS escape \2147. The next letterlike symbol in this block is double-struck italic small i: ⅈ (U+2148, ⅈ). See also math entities.

⚡ Quick Reference — Double Struck Italic Small E

Unicode U+2147

Letterlike Symbols block

Hex Code ⅇ

Hexadecimal reference

HTML Code ⅇ

Decimal reference

Named Entity ⅇ

HTML5 named entity for U+2147

Reference Table
Name           Value
────────────   ──────────
Unicode        U+2147
Hex code       ⅇ
HTML code      ⅇ
Named entity   ⅇ
CSS code       \2147
Related        U+2148 = Small i (ⅈ)
1

Complete HTML Example

This example demonstrates the Double Struck Italic Small E (ⅇ) using hexadecimal code, decimal HTML code, the named entity ⅇ, and a CSS content escape:

html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
 <style>
  #point:after{
   content: "\2147";
  }
 </style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Double Struck Italic Small E using Hexadecimal: &#x2147;</p>
<p>Double Struck Italic Small E using HTML Code: &#8519;</p>
<p>Double Struck Italic Small E using HTML Entity: &ee;</p>
<p id="point">Double Struck Italic Small E using CSS Entity: </p>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

🌐 Browser Support

U+2147 is widely supported in modern browsers when rendered with a font that includes Letterlike Symbols:

Chrome 1+
Firefox 1+
Safari 1+
Edge 12+
Opera 4+
Android 4.4+
iOS Safari 1+

👀 Live Preview

See the Double Struck Italic Small E (ⅇ) in mathematical notation:

Large glyph ⅇ
Small e vs small i ⅇ e   ⅈ i
Named entity &ee; → ⅇ
All HTML refs &#x2147; &#8519; &ee;
CSS escape \2147

🧠 How It Works

1

Hexadecimal Code

&#x2147; uses the Unicode hexadecimal value 2147 to display the Double Struck Italic Small E. The x prefix indicates hexadecimal format.

HTML markup
2

Decimal HTML Code

&#8519; uses the decimal Unicode value 8519 to display the same character.

HTML markup
3

Named HTML Entity

&ee; is the HTML5 named entity for U+2147. It is easy to read in source and resolves to the same character (ⅇ).

HTML markup
4

CSS Entity

\2147 is used in CSS stylesheets, particularly in the content property of pseudo-elements like ::before and ::after.

CSS stylesheet
=

Same visual result

All four methods produce: ⅇ. Unicode U+2147. Next in block: small i via &ii; (ⅈ, U+2148).

✅

Use Cases

The Double Struck Italic Small E (ⅇ) commonly appears in:

📐 Euler’s number

Mathematics and calculus where ⅇ denotes Euler’s number (e ≈ 2.718…) in expressions such as ex or natural logarithms.

🔬 Exponential notation

Scientific and financial notation involving exponential functions, growth, or decay (e.g. ⅇkt).

📚 Academic publishing

Textbooks, papers, and course materials requiring letterlike math symbols in HTML.

💻 Math on the web

Equation editors and math rendering alongside other double-struck italic letters.

📖 Unicode references

Entity lists and guides for Letterlike Symbols (U+2100–U+214F).

♿ Accessibility

Use math-capable fonts so ⅇ renders clearly for all readers.

💡 Best Practices

Do

  • Use &ee; for readable markup, or &#x2147; / &#8519;
  • Use math fonts (Cambria Math, STIX Two Math) for reliable rendering
  • Distinguish ⅇ (small e) from ⅈ (&ii;, small i)
  • Use \2147 only inside CSS content
  • Keep entity style consistent across the document

Don’t

  • Confuse &ee; (U+2147) with the regular letter e (U+0065)
  • Use &ii; for small i (ⅈ), not &ee; (ⅇ)
  • Put CSS escape \2147 in HTML text nodes
  • Forget UTF-8 (<meta charset="utf-8">) on math pages
  • Assume every font includes Letterlike Symbols

Key Takeaways

1

Named entity available: &ee;

&#x2147; &#8519;
2

For CSS stylesheets, use the escape in the content property

\2147
3

Unicode U+2147 DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL E

4

Small i: ⅈ via &ii; or &#x2148;

5

Four methods, one glyph — widely supported in modern browsers

❓ Frequently Asked Questions

Use &#x2147; (hex), &#8519; (decimal), &ee; (named entity), or \2147 in CSS content. All produce ⅇ.
U+2147 (DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL E). Letterlike Symbols block (U+2100–U+214F). Hex 2147, decimal 8519. Double-struck italic form of Latin small letter e.
When you need the double-struck italic small e in mathematical content: Euler’s number, exponential notation, calculus, expressions, or academic papers requiring this letterlike symbol.
HTML references (&#8519;, &#x2147;, or &ee;) go in markup. The CSS escape \2147 is used in stylesheets, typically in the content property of pseudo-elements.
&ee; is easier to read in source than &#8519; or &#x2147;, but all produce ⅇ. The named entity is part of the HTML5 entity set for Letterlike Symbols.

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About the author

Mari Selvan M P
Mari Selvan M P 🔗

Developer, cloud engineer, and technical writer

  • Experience 12 years building web and cloud systems
  • Focus Full Stack Development, AWS, and Developer Education

I write practical tutorials so students and working developers can learn by doing—from databases and APIs to deployment on AWS.

AWS Certified Developer – Associate (Credly)

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