Clockwise Integral (∱) is the Unicode character at U+2231 in the Mathematical Operators block (official name: CLOCKWISE INTEGRAL). It is the integral symbol with a clockwise orientation, used in specialized calculus and physics notation.
Remember
Character ∱
Unicode U+2231
Hex entity ∱
Decimal ∱
Named entity ∱
CSS escape \2231
All of these produce the same glyph: ∱. Prefer ∱ or a typed ∱ in hand-written HTML; use numeric forms when generating markup.
Clockwise integral rendered in common writing contexts.
Inline math∱f(x) dx
Large glyph∱
Compared∱ ∫ ∲
Monospaceop: ∱ cw integral
With entitiesNamed: ∱ | Hex: ∱ | Decimal: ∱
Code
Complete HTML Example
One page that shows Clockwise Integral with the named entity, hex entity, decimal entity, CSS escape, and a typed character. Use View Output or open the live editor.
Named + Hex + Decimal + CSS + Typed
Five ways to produce ∱ in a single document.
html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Clockwise Integral (∱) in HTML</title>
<style>
#point::after {
content: "\2231";
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Clockwise Integral using Named Entity: ∱</p>
<p>Clockwise Integral using Hex Code: ∱</p>
<p>Clockwise Integral using HTML Code: ∱</p>
<p id="point">Clockwise Integral using CSS Entity: </p>
<p>Typed directly: ∱</p>
</body>
</html>
Clockwise Integral using Named Entity: ∱
Clockwise Integral using Hex Code: ∱
Clockwise Integral using HTML Code: ∱
Clockwise Integral using CSS Entity: ∱
Typed directly: ∱
How It Works
1. Named:∱ is the HTML5 named reference for U+2231 → ∱.
2. Hex:U+2231 → ∱ in HTML. Same glyph as the named form.
3. Decimal: same code point as 8753 → ∱. Same result as hex.
4. CSS: use \2231 in content (not an HTML entity). #point::after appends that ∱ after the paragraph text.
5. Typed ∱: fine in UTF-8 pages. All five lines show the same glyph.
Pitfalls & Tips
Common mistakes when working with Clockwise Integral entities.
Named
Use ∱
That is the named form for ∱. Always end with ;.
CSS vs HTML
Do not mix escapes
\2231 belongs in CSS. ∱ / ∱ / ∱ belong in HTML.
∱ vs ∫
Different characters
∱ is U+2231. Plain integral ∫ is U+222B (∫).
A11y
Name the operator
Pair ∱ with prose or an accessible name (e.g. “clockwise integral”) so screen readers get the meaning.
Semicolon
End references
Always finish with ; — write ∱ and ∱, not bare forms.
Fonts
Math coverage varies
Some fonts lack ∱. If it falls back to a box, try a math-capable font or use MathML / KaTeX for equations.
Compatibility
Browser Support
Clockwise Integral (U+2231) and its entity forms (∱, ∱, ∱, CSS \\2231) are supported in all mainstream browsers.
✓ Universal support
Clockwise Integral (∱)
Type ∱, or encode with named, hex, decimal, or CSS escape — same glyph everywhere encoding is supported.
100%Browser coverage
Google ChromeSupported
Yes
Microsoft EdgeSupported
Yes
Mozilla FirefoxSupported
Yes
Apple SafariSupported
Yes
OperaSupported
Yes
Internet ExplorerAll versions
Yes
U+2231 / entitiesFull support
Bottom line: Prefer ∱ or a typed ∱ for clockwise integrals. Use decimal when generating markup, and \\2231 only inside CSS content.
Remember
Key Takeaways
Unicode: clockwise integral is U+2231 (decimal 8753).
Use ∱ (hex), ∱ (decimal), ∱ (named), or the CSS escape \2231 in the content property. All render ∱. You can also paste ∱ directly when your file is UTF-8.
U+2231 (hex 2231, decimal 8753). Unicode names it CLOCKWISE INTEGRAL. It belongs to the Mathematical Operators block.
Yes. ∱ is the HTML5 named reference for ∱. Numeric forms ∱ and ∱ also work.
Use it in math or physics pages when you need a clockwise integral symbol. For complex equations, MathML or a math library may be clearer than a lone glyph.
HTML entities (∱, ∱, or ∱) go in markup. The CSS escape \2231 goes in stylesheet strings (usually content on ::before/::after).
∫ (U+222B / ∫) is the plain integral. ∱ (U+2231 / ∱) adds a clockwise sense. ∲ (U+2232 / ∲) is the clockwise contour integral. Do not mix them up.
🤔
Did you know?
Clockwise integral is Unicode U+2231 (decimal 8753) — official name CLOCKWISE INTEGRAL in the Mathematical Operators block. HTML named reference is ∱. It is not the plain integral ∫ (U+222B / ∫) or the clockwise contour integral ∲ (U+2232 / ∲).
