HTML Entity for Anticlockwise Contour Integral (∳)

Beginner
⏱️ 5 min read
📚 Updated: May 2026
🎯 1 Code Example
Unicode U+2233
HTML Entity for anticlockwise contour integral (U+2233) tutorial illustration

What You'll Learn

How to display the anticlockwise contour integral operator (∳, U+2233) in HTML. Unicode’s official name is ANTICLOCKWISE CONTOUR INTEGRAL; it is used in calculus and complex analysis for line integrals around closed curves with a conventional positive (anticlockwise) orientation.

The character lives in the Mathematical Operators block (near other integrals). There is no named HTML entity for U+2233, so you use ∳ or ∳ in markup, or \2233 in CSS content on pseudo-elements.

⚡ Quick Reference — Anticlockwise Contour Integral

Unicode U+2233

Mathematical Operators block

Hex Code ∳

Hexadecimal reference

HTML Code ∳

Decimal reference

CSS Code \2233

Use in CSS content

Reference Table
Name           Value
────────────   ──────────
Unicode        U+2233
Hex code       ∳
HTML code      ∳
Named entity   (none)
CSS code       \2233
1

Complete HTML Example

This example shows U+2233 using hexadecimal code, decimal HTML code, and a CSS content escape on a pseudo-element:

html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
 <style>
  #point:after{
   content: "\2233";
  }
 </style>
</head>
<body>

<p>Anticlockwise Contour Integral using Hexa Decimal: &#x2233;</p>
<p>Anticlockwise Contour Integral using HTML Code: &#8755;</p>
<p id="point">Anticlockwise Contour Integral using CSS Entity: </p>

</body>
</html>
Try It Yourself

🌐 Browser Support

Numeric character references and CSS escapes for U+2233 work in all modern browsers. For equations, pick fonts with strong Mathematical Operators coverage (for example STIX, Cambria Math, or system math stacks):

Chrome 1+
Firefox 1+
Safari 1+
Edge 12+
Opera 4+
Android 4.4+
iOS Safari 1+

👀 Live Preview

See U+2233 in short math-style snippets:

Isolated glyph ∳
Inline formula Evaluate ∳C f(z) dz along a closed contour C.
Numeric refs Same operator as &#x2233; or &#8755; in UTF-8 HTML.
Monospace U+2233 ANTICLOCKWISE CONTOUR INTEGRAL
Orientation Pair with U+2232 (clockwise contour integral) when both orientations appear; label or explain the contour direction in prose.

🧠 How It Works

1

Hexadecimal code

&#x2233; uses the Unicode hexadecimal value 2233. The x prefix marks hexadecimal format.

HTML markup
2

Decimal HTML code

&#8755; is the decimal equivalent (875510 = 223316). Either numeric form is valid in HTML text.

HTML markup
3

CSS entity

\2233 in a stylesheet (for example in content on ::after) emits the same code point. Use CSS escapes only in CSS, not raw in HTML text.

CSS stylesheet
4

No named entity

HTML does not define a short named entity for U+2233. Use &#x2233;, &#8755;, or the literal UTF-8 character in source.

HTML markup
=

Same visual result

All supported methods expose U+2233. Official name: ANTICLOCKWISE CONTOUR INTEGRAL (Mathematical Operators). Use numeric references in markup and \2233 only in CSS.

✅

Use Cases

U+2233 is appropriate when you need the standard anticlockwise contour integral operator in readable HTML:

∫ Calculus and complex analysis

Cauchy’s theorem, residues, and line integrals with a positive (anticlockwise) boundary convention.

📚 Academic publishing

Equations in HTML-first articles, preprints, or course notes alongside other Unicode math symbols.

🔬 Physics and engineering

Circulation, path integrals, and field theory notation where orientation matters.

🎓 Education

Textbooks, slides, and interactive pages that teach contour integration without full LaTeX rendering.

📝 Equation editors

Toolbar inserts that output HTML entities or UTF-8 for lightweight math in CMS content.

📄 Specifications

Documents that reference Unicode math notation by code point or entity.

♿ Accessibility

Add plain-language glosses (“anticlockwise contour integral around C”) or MathML where semantics matter for assistive tech.

💡 Best Practices

Do

  • Use &#x2233; or &#8755; consistently within one document
  • Prefer math-capable font stacks for operator-heavy pages
  • Contrast orientation with U+2232 (clockwise contour integral) when both appear
  • Use \2233 only inside CSS content, not pasted into HTML text
  • For serious layout, consider MathML or KaTeX/MathJax alongside entities

Don’t

  • Assume every body font draws U+2233 with textbook proportions
  • Confuse U+2233 with the generic contour integral U+222E (∮) or other integral variants
  • Use HTML numeric references inside JavaScript strings (use \u2233 there instead)
  • Rely on the bare glyph alone where orientation is ambiguous; add text or context
  • Mix hex and decimal references randomly in the same file without a project convention

Key Takeaways

1

Two HTML numeric forms for U+2233

&#x2233; &#8755;
2

CSS content escape

\2233
3

Unicode U+2233 — ANTICLOCKWISE CONTOUR INTEGRAL

4

Mathematical Operators — no standard named HTML entity

5

For rich equations, pair entities with MathML or a math renderer when you need full semantics

❓ Frequently Asked Questions

Use &#x2233; (hex), &#8755; (decimal), or \2233 in CSS content. All render the same operator. There is no named entity.
U+2233 (decimal 8755, hex 2233). Official name: ANTICLOCKWISE CONTOUR INTEGRAL. Block: Mathematical Operators.
Informal prose sometimes says “counter integral,” but the Unicode standard name is anticlockwise contour integral. This page’s URL slug uses the older “counter-integral” wording for continuity with common filenames.
Markup uses &#8755; or &#x2233; in text nodes. CSS uses backslash hex escapes inside content rules. Same code point; different syntax layer.
Named entities cover a relatively small set of characters. Many operators in the Mathematical Operators block are written with numeric references or UTF-8 literals.

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About the author

Mari Selvan M P
Mari Selvan M P 🔗

Developer, cloud engineer, and technical writer

  • Experience 12 years building web and cloud systems
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I write practical tutorials so students and working developers can learn by doing—from databases and APIs to deployment on AWS.

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